| Measurement | Short Name | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Aspartate Aminotransferase | AST | Liver disease/muscle damage. |
| Bile Acids | BA | Hepatobiliary disease; portosystemic vascular anomaly (PSVA); extrahepatic shunting. |
| Creatine Kinase | CK | Muscle damage; used in conjunction with AST to differentiate between liver and muscle damage. |
| Uric Acid, | UA | Best indicator of renal health in almost all birds and reptiles. |
| Glucose | GLU | Severe liver disease; sepsis; anorexia; pancreatic disease. |
| Phosphorous | PHOS | Renal and nutritional disease; fluid balance. |
| Calcium | CA++ | Egg production; bone and renal disease |
| Total Protein | TP | Liver/gastrointestinal/kidney disease; dehydration. |
| Albumin | ALB | Liver and kidney disease. |
| Globulin | GLOB | Globulin recovery is calculated from the TP and ALB. Dehydration; antigenic stimulation. |
| Potassium | K+ | Indicator of cell lysis/fluid balance. |
| Sodium | Na+ | Indicator of fluid balance and dehydration |
Avian Blood References
Gathered from University of Miami Avian and Wildlife Laboratory.
| African Grey: | Amazon: | Cockatoo: | Eclectus: | Unit: | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ALK Phos: | 20 – 160 | 15 – 150 | 15 – 255 | 150 – 350 | U/L |
| ALT: | 5 – 12 | 5 – 11 | 6 – 12 | 5 – 11 | U/L |
| AST: | 100 – 365 | 130 – 350 | 145 – 355 | 120 – 370 | U/L |
| Amylase: | 210 – 530 | 205 – 510 | 200 – 510 | 200 – 645 | U/L |
| BUN: | 3 – 5.4 | 3.1 – 5.3 | 3 – 5.1 | 3 – 5.5 | mg/dL |
| Ca: | 8.5 – 13 | 8.5 – 14 | 8 – 13 | 7 – 13 | mg/dL |
| Chol: | 160 – 425 | 180 – 305 | 145 – 355 | 130 – 350 | mg/dL |
| creat: | 0.1 – 0.4 | 0.1 – 0.4 | 0.1 – 0.4 | 0.1 – 0.4 | mg/dL |
| co2: | 13 – 24 | 13 – 26 | 14 – 25 | 14 – 24 | mmol/L |
| CPK: | 165 – 412 | 55 – 345 | 90 – 305 | 220 – 345 | U/L |
| GGT: | 1 – 10 | 1 – 12 | 1 – 45 | 1 – 20 | U/L |
| Glu: | 190 – 350 | 190 – 345 | 185 – 355 | 145 – 245 | U/L |
| LDH: | 145 – 465 | 155 – 425 | 220 – 550 | 200 – 425 | U/L |
| Lipase: | 35 – 350 | 35 – 225 | 25 – 275 | 35 – 275 | U/L |
| PHOS: | 3.2 – 5.4 | 3.1 – 5.5 | 2.5 – 5.5 | 2.9 – 6.5 | mg/dL |
| Potassium: | 2.9 – 4.6 | 3 – 4.5 | 2.5 – 4.5 | 3.5 – 4.3 | mmol/L |
| sodium: | 157 – 165 | 125 – 155 | 130 – 155 | 130 – 145 | mmol/L |
| total bili: | 0 – 0.1 | 0 – 0.1 | 0 – 0.1 | 0 – 0.1 | mg/dL |
| total protein: | 3 – 4.6 | 3 – 5 | 3 – 5 | 2.8 – 3.8 | g/dL |
| Trig: | 45 – 145 | 49 – 190 | 45 – 205 | 70 – 410 | mg/dL |
| uric acid: | 4.5 – 9.5 | 2.3 – 10 | 3.5 – 10.5 | 2.4 – 11 | mg/dL |
| bile acids: | 13 – 90 | 18 – 60 | 25 – 87 | 10 – 61 | umol/L |
| t4: | 0.2 – 1.5 | 0.1 – 1.1 | 0.3 – 1.8 | 0.3 – 2.0 | ug/dL |
| pre-albium: | 0.03 – 1.35 | 0.35 – 1.05 | 0.24 – 1.18 | 0.05 – 0.74 | g/dL |
| albium: | 1.47 – 3.23 | 1.9 – 3.52 | 1.8 – 3.1 | 2.3 – 2.6 | g/dL |
| alpha-1: | 0.02 – 0.27 | 0.05 – 0.32 | 0.05 – 0.18 | 0.09 – 0.19 | g/dL |
| alpha-2: | 0.05 – 0.25 | 0.07 – 0.32 | 0.04 – 0.36 | 0.11 – 0.21 | g/dL |
| beta: | 0.35 – 0.66 | 0.38 – 0.76 | 0.35 – 0.82 | 0.35 – 0.62 | g/dL |
| Gamma: | 0.11 – 0.71 | 0.17 – 0.76 | 0.21 – 0.65 | 0.22 – 0.51 | g/dL |
| A/G ratio: | 1.6 – 4.3 | 1.9 – 5.0 | 2.0 – 4.5 | 2.6 – 4.1 | – |
| Jardine: | Lory: | Macaw: | Senegal: | Unit: | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ALK Phos: | 80 – 145 | 75 – 155 | 2 – 230 | 70 – 300 | U/L |
| ALT: | 5 – 12 | 5 – 13 | 5 – 12 | 5 – 11 | U/L |
| AST: | 150 – 278 | 150 – 350 | 100 -300 | 100 – 350 | U/L |
| Amylase: | 100 – 425 | 90 – 422 | 150 – 550 | 190 – 550 | U/L |
| BUN: | 2.8 – 5.6 | 2.7 – 5.7 | 3 – 5.6 | 2.9 – 5.4 | mg/dL |
| Ca: | 7 – 13 | 6.5 – 13 | 8.5 – 13 | 6.5 – 13 | mg/dL |
| Chol: | 100 – 300 | 95 – 295 | 100 – 390 | 130 – 340 | mg/dL |
| creat: | 0.1 – 0.4 | 0.1 – 0.4 | 0.1 – 0.5 | 0.1 – 0.4 | mg/dL |
| co2: | 14 – 25 | 14 – 26 | 14 – 25 | 14 – 25 | mmol/L |
| CPK: | 110 – 310 | 110 – 330 | 100 – 300 | 100 – 330 | U/L |
| GGT: | 1 – 15 | 1 – 16 | 1 – 30 | 1 – 15 | U/L |
| Glu: | 199 – 348 | 200 – 300 | 145 – 345 | 140 – 250 | U/L |
| LDH: | 119 – 335 | 115 – 330 | 70 – 350 | 150 – 350 | U/L |
| Lipase: | 30 – 255 | 25 – 250 | 30 – 250 | 35 – 250 | U/L |
| PHOS: | 2 – 6.8 | 2 – 6.5 | 2 – 12 | 2.5 – 9.5 | mg/dL |
| Potassium: | 3 – 4.5 | 3 – 4.4 | 2 – 5 | 3 – 5 | mmol/L |
| sodium: | 133 – 153 | 130 – 155 | 140 – 165 | 130 – 155 | mmol/L |
| total bili: | 0 – 0.1 | 0 – 0.1 | 0 – 0.1 | 0 – 0.1 | mg/dL |
| total protein: | 2.8 – 4 | 2 – 3.5 | 2.1 – 4.5 | 3.5 – 4.4 | g/dL |
| Trig: | 60 – 130 | 65 – 140 | 60 – 135 | 45 – 145 | mg/dL |
| uric acid: | 2.5 – 12 | 2.8 – 11.5 | 2.5 – 11 | 2.3 – 10 | mg/dL |
| bile acids: | 25 – 65 | 20 – 65 | 6 – 35 | 20 – 85 | umol/L |
| t4: | 0.2 – 1.5 | 0.3 – 1.2 | 0.2 – 1.9 | 0.5 – 2.3 | ug/dL |
| pre-albium: | 0.18 – 0.32 | 0.48 – 0.76 | 0.05 – 0.07 | 0.19 – 0.64 | g/dL |
| albium: | 1.86 – 2.23 | 1.26 – 1.96 | 1.24 – 3.11 | 1.45 – 2.28 | g/dL |
| alpha-1: | 0.07 – 0.15 | 0.04 – 0.14 | 0.04 – 0.25 | 0.02 – 0.20 | g/dL |
| alpha-2: | 0.08 – 0.15 | 0.04 – 0.23 | 0.04 – 0.31 | 0.08 – 0.16 | g/dL |
| beta: | 0.38 – 0.66 | 0.35 – 0.58 | 0.48 – 0.68 | 0.36 – 0.58 | g/dL |
| Gamma: | 0.26 – 0.51 | 0.13 – 0.29 | 0.2 – 0.5 | 0.15 – 0.23 | g/dL |
| A/G ratio: | 2.9 – 3.5 | 2.3 – 4.0 | 1.6 – 4.3 | 2.2 – 3.9 | – |